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It is generally accepted that the most ancient European mitochondrial haplogroup, U5, has evolved essentially in Europe. To resolve the phylogeny of this haplogroup, we completely sequenced 113 mitochondrial genomes (79 U5a and 34 U5b) of central and eastern Europeans (Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Russians and Belorussians), and reconstructed a detailed phylogenetic tree, that incorporates previously published data. Molecular dating suggests that the coalescence time estimate for the U5 is ∼25–30 thousand years (ky), and ∼16–20 and ∼20–24 ky for its subhaplogroups U5a and U5b, respectively.

Introduction

It has been argued that the most ancient European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup (hg), U5, arose among the first European settlers in the Upper Paleolithic [1],[2]. Recent molecular dating results suggest that the age of hg U5 oscillates around 36 thousand years (ky), and it has been suggested that any early migration of U5 or its ancestors into Europe might have occurred between ∼55 ky and ∼30 ky ago [3]. There are two U5 subhaplogroups, U5a and U5b, dating back to ∼27 ky each, thus implying that they both originated before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) [3]. The frequency of hg U5 in modern European populations is on average 7% [1],[4],[5], but recent studies of ancient mtDNA have shown that U5 haplotypes were common among Mesolithic and Neolithic Europeans, especially of central and eastern parts of Europe [6],[7]. For instance, a high incidence of U5 haplotypes (about 65%) has been detected in European hunter-gatherer individuals

Club members:

Vilhelmina Justina Julius Andersdotter - Karinainen Finland (-) 1828 (5) Mt: U5b1e1

Olga Josefina Anttila - Turku Finland (-) 1875 (3) Mt: U5b1e1

Brita Ersdotter - Sel, Ramsele (Y) 1789 (5) Mt: U5b1e1

Katarina Ersdotter - Westby, Helgum (Y) 1764 (6) Mt: U5b1e1

Maria Kristina Hekintytär Knaapi - Tarvasjoki Finland (-) 1848 (4) Mt: U5b1e1

Maria Jaakkola Johansdotter - Tarvasjoki Finland (-) 1759 (7) Mt: U5b1e1

Brita Jacobsdotter - Moflo, Ådals-Liden (Y) 1681 (9) Mt: U5b1e1

Anna Märta Jakobsdotter - Löfliden, Helgum (Y) 1849 (3) Mt: U5b1e1

Brita Johansdotter - Vallen, Ramsele (Y) 1744 (7) Mt: U5b1e1

Aina Viola Eleonora Lantz Lilliesköld - Lindersdal, Kvillinge (E) 1915 (1) Mt: U5b1e1

Irja Inkeri Leino - Turku Finland (-) 1915 (2) Mt: U5b1e1

Brita Pärsdotter - Sel, Ramsele (Y) 1719 (8) Mt: U5b1e1

Lisa Siikarla Karlsdotter - Karinainen Finland (-) 1727 (8) Mt: U5b1e1

Elma Eleonora Smått - Westby, Helgum (Y) 1891 (2) Mt: U5b1e1

Catharina Tengström - Westby, Helgum (Y) 1816 (4) Mt: U5b1e1

Rita Tomasdotter - Karinainen Finland (-) ? (9) Mt: U5b1e1

Valborg Wärri Kristiansdotter - Karinainen Finland (-) 1786 (6) Mt: U5b1e1

Swedish Haplogroup Database

Haplogroup U5

Among the oldest mtDNA haplogroups found in European remains of Homo sapiens is U5. The age of U5 is estimated at 50,000 but could be as old as 60,500 years. Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans are in haplogroup U5.

The presence of haplogroup U5 in Europe pre-dates the expansion of agriculture in Europe. Bryan Sykes' popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve calculated that it arose 45,000-50,000 years ago in the area of Delphi, Greece and named the originator of haplogroup U5 Ursula. However the details related to location and age are speculative. Barbujani and Bertorelle estimate the age of haplogroup U5 as about 52,000 years ago, being the oldest subclade of haplogroup U.[11] Thus, the name 'Ursula' could be applied to the entirety of haplogroup U, as well as U5.

U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia [12], Sweden [13], and France [14] .

Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b form the highest population concentrations in the far north, in Sami, Finns, and Estonians, but it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals from this haplogroup were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe ~10kya.

Haplogroup U5 is found also in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of Africa, suggesting back-migration of people from northern Europe to the south.

MTDNA Family Tree

Mother of U5b1e1

U5b1e
Birth Name U5b1e

Gender female

Events

Event Date Place Description Notes Sources
Birth 2000 B.C.E.

Parents

Relation to main person Name Relation within this family (if not by birth)

Mother U5b1+T16189C! +T16192C! (interesting but I don't know why the author of the tree put those exclamation points there)
U5b1e
Sister U5b1h

Birth Name U5b1e1 Gender female

Birth 1000 B.C.E.

Mother U5b1e
U5b1e1

Family of U5b1e1

Children
U5b1e1a

Mutations: A2757G A10283G T12616C
Genbank example: KC257380:
Genbank example: FJ493517:

U5b1e
U5b1e1
U5b1e1a

Origins

Haplogroup U descends from a woman in the haplogroup R mtDNA branch of the phylogenetic tree, who is estimated to have lived around 55,000 years ago.[2]

Distribution

Haplogroup U is found in 15% of Indian caste and 8% of Indian tribal populations. Haplogroup U is found in approximately 11% of native Europeans and is held as the oldest maternal haplogroup found in that region. In a 2013 study, all but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged to maternal haplogroup U, thus confirming previous findings that haplogroup U was the dominant type of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Europe before the spread of agriculture into Europe and the presence and the spread of the Indo-Europeans in Western Europe.

Haplogroup U is subdivided into Haplogroups U1-U9. Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8. The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups across Western Eurasia, North Africa, South Asia. Some subclades of U have a more specific geographic range.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_U_%28mtDNA%29#Haplogroup_U5
U5b arose around 24000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 150 7768 14182 ( + U5 polymorphisms). Found among Siwa Berbers of the Siwa Oasis.[69]

U5b1 arose around 18000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 5656 ( + U5b polymorphisms).

U5b1a has polymorphisms in 5656 15097, 16189 and has lost its polymorphism in 7028 (backmutation) ( + U5b1 polymorphisms).

U5b1b: has been found in Fulbe and Papel people in Guinea-Bissau and Yakuts people of northeastern Siberia.[70][71] It arose around 11000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 12618 16189 ( + U5b1 polymorphisms).

U5b1c has polymorphisms in 5656 15191, 16189, 16311 + U5b1 polymorphisms) and arose about 13,000 years ago

U5b1d has polymorphisms in 5437 5656 and has lost its polymorphism in 16192 (backmutation) ( + U5b1 polymorphisms)

U5b1e has polymorphisms in 152 2757 10283 12616 16189 and has lost its polymorphism in 16192 (backmutation) ( + U5b1 polymorphisms) and arose about 6600 years ago. U5b1e is mainly seen in central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians.

U5b1e is estimated to be about 8,000 years old and we have 14 FMS results mostly found in eastern Europe including Russia, Ukraine, and Slovakia. There is also one each found in Germany, Poland, England, Finland, Norway and the Czech Republic.

Posted by U5b1e1 the Viking mother of Rus? on Fri, 25 May 2018 13:03 | #

New Reddit Journal of Science

Vikings might have started raiding because there was a shortage of single women (ehbonline.org)

submitted 1 year ago by Wagamaga

So… polygyny, hoarding of women by a few powerful males, was very possibly the impetus for risky Viking expansion.

This brings to mind the idea that the debts of men in modern societies are relative to the operational sex ratio in their area: less females means greater risk-taking exemplified by riskier (i.e. worse) economic investments by single men.


[–]herbwMD | Clinical Neurosciences 10 points 1 year ago*

But really, the late Medieval warming was ongoing then too. It’s thought that for every degree the earth warms up, that agro can shift about 100 miles north from that warming. This would have likely applied to the Norsemen. Then cooling set in about 1300 AD or so, ending the Norse colonies in Greenland by cold.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period

This was also associated with very warm weather and drought in the Central America & may have played a role in damaging, even ecologically stressing the large Mayan population there, as well.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse

The warming could have created a population increase as well, in the north and the surplus population from surplus food would have had to move on. To which the polygamy of the nobles in the north, would have meant, also, fewer women for most men. So the Norsk sailed, after developing efficient ships, and raided, for women, sex, booty(grin) and land. Powerful, known stimuli for humans at any time.

They took north & eastern UK, founded Dublin, Island (Iceland in Eng.), settled colonies in Greenland, and took Normandy in NW France named for them. and Wm. of Normandy seized England ca. 1066, defeating Harald Hardrada at the well known Battle of Hastings.

At that time, too, came the Mongol invasions of Asia and Europe, India and the Middle East.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan

Many human activities are very likely climate driven. Many factors are involved as shown above. This could be another….

The article makes sense, and is part of what went on, clearly.

[–]knowyourbrain 1 point 1 year ago

Seems like kidnapping women is a primitive (in the evolutionary sense meaning older) function of war.

[–]codesnik 1 point 1 year ago

my girlfriend sequenced her mtDNA recently and she found that she belongs to U haplogroup, and she has some genetic “relatives” (only one difference in mtDNA) in Sweden and Norway (we’re Russian). I was a bit puzzled how the same haplogroup became common in populations with relatively different histories (slavs and scandinavians)

But vikings raided slavs for centuries! Looks like it’s not a drift of scandinavian genes to russia, it’s just a lot of wives and concubines were taken back to scandinavia from east.

[–]svarogteuse 1 point 1 year ago

What we consider the history of the Russian states starts with Vikings. Rurik and company who are recognized as the first rulers in the area were Vikings. So yes there was quite a bit of Scandinavian brought into the area.

[–]codesnik 1 point 1 year ago

Of course I know about Rurik, I just don’t consider amount of men who were brought with him considerable, though of course I don’t have any numbers. Also in that particular case I’m talking about mtDNA haplogroup (U5b1e1 specifically), so it should be a woman, not man, migrating from scandinavia to russia and giving a lot of offsprings, which is even less probable from common historic view.